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	<title>Comments on: Buddhism and Empire IV: Converting Tibet</title>
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	<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/</link>
	<description>Notes, thoughts and fragments of research on the history of Tibet</description>
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		<title>By: David</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1322</link>
		<dc:creator>David</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2009 09:45:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1322</guid>
		<description>Sorry, I haven&#039;t anything constructive to contribute but I just wish to say that I am finding  this a very useful site in Tibetan history and providing background to the dazzling array of figures in Tibetan Buddhism.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sorry, I haven&#8217;t anything constructive to contribute but I just wish to say that I am finding  this a very useful site in Tibetan history and providing background to the dazzling array of figures in Tibetan Buddhism.</p>
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		<title>By: Dan</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1299</link>
		<dc:creator>Dan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2009 13:20:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1299</guid>
		<description>PS:  Richardson, in the collected works (&lt;i&gt;High Peaks, Pure Earth, pp. 146-7&lt;/i&gt;) translates the Scholars&#039; Feast version.  He explains the very odd phrase that is also in the Sba-bzhed, by saying that Bran-ka &quot;performed the rite of making his life-source into iron&quot;  (lcags kyi srog pa rtsa bsgrubs).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>PS:  Richardson, in the collected works (<i>High Peaks, Pure Earth, pp. 146-7</i>) translates the Scholars&#8217; Feast version.  He explains the very odd phrase that is also in the Sba-bzhed, by saying that Bran-ka &#8220;performed the rite of making his life-source into iron&#8221;  (lcags kyi srog pa rtsa bsgrubs).</p>
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		<title>By: Dan</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1298</link>
		<dc:creator>Dan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2009 13:08:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1298</guid>
		<description>I didn&#039;t hear anyone mention the reason the monk Bran-ka got into trouble.  He was supposed (falsely, it&#039;s said) to have had an affair with Ralpacan&#039;s queen Ngang-tshul-ma.  I&#039;ve heard it told as a kind of Potiphar&#039;s wife type of tale.  At the moment I don&#039;t remember how I got that impression, which isn&#039;t exactly correct, now that I think about it.  

The story is told briefly in Padma-dkar-po&#039;s history (p. 337), where the adultery is just a false accusation by the sinful ministers (sdig blon rnams), and of course in the Lde&#039;u histories (the longer one at least). Anywhere else?  

Oh, wait. I just found this passage in the Sba-bzhed text, p. 76 of the Stein version:

kha gcig na re ral pa can la sras med kyang / cung lha sras gtsang ma chos la dga&#039; bas srid &#039;dzin te chos khrims mi gshig zer / gtsang ma bshugs pas chog mchi bas / de ban chen po chos la dkar la dbang che bas chos khrims mi gshig zer / gros byas nas chos khrims gshig pa&#039;i snyan phra bcug te / ban chen po dang / ngang tshul ma nal bshams so zhes snyan du gsol nas / chad pa che thang du zhus pas / ban chen po yang lcags kyi srog pa tsa sgrub pa ma grub par / snyan &#039;phra btsan par byas te bkum /

Who said he was killed under Glang-dar-ma?  Wasn&#039;t he killed under Ral-pa-can?  And isn&#039;t that really the point, that the &#039;good&#039; [Buddhist] guys were responsible for the evil deed? That&#039;s precisely why he would come back to haunt them...  And they say guilt is not a Buddhist concept!

Anyway, with all the sex scandal, violence, intrigue, chase scene &amp; even revenge from beyond the grave, it ought to be a blog first, then a movie.  I would&#039;ve picked Richard Burton to play the Vicar.  Could be I&#039;m suffering flashbacks from &quot;Murder in the Cathedral.&quot;

http://www.seiyaku.com/images/cross/becket01-large.jpg

Back to my chores now.  Cheers!

Dan</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I didn&#8217;t hear anyone mention the reason the monk Bran-ka got into trouble.  He was supposed (falsely, it&#8217;s said) to have had an affair with Ralpacan&#8217;s queen Ngang-tshul-ma.  I&#8217;ve heard it told as a kind of Potiphar&#8217;s wife type of tale.  At the moment I don&#8217;t remember how I got that impression, which isn&#8217;t exactly correct, now that I think about it.  </p>
<p>The story is told briefly in Padma-dkar-po&#8217;s history (p. 337), where the adultery is just a false accusation by the sinful ministers (sdig blon rnams), and of course in the Lde&#8217;u histories (the longer one at least). Anywhere else?  </p>
<p>Oh, wait. I just found this passage in the Sba-bzhed text, p. 76 of the Stein version:</p>
<p>kha gcig na re ral pa can la sras med kyang / cung lha sras gtsang ma chos la dga&#8217; bas srid &#8216;dzin te chos khrims mi gshig zer / gtsang ma bshugs pas chog mchi bas / de ban chen po chos la dkar la dbang che bas chos khrims mi gshig zer / gros byas nas chos khrims gshig pa&#8217;i snyan phra bcug te / ban chen po dang / ngang tshul ma nal bshams so zhes snyan du gsol nas / chad pa che thang du zhus pas / ban chen po yang lcags kyi srog pa tsa sgrub pa ma grub par / snyan &#8216;phra btsan par byas te bkum /</p>
<p>Who said he was killed under Glang-dar-ma?  Wasn&#8217;t he killed under Ral-pa-can?  And isn&#8217;t that really the point, that the &#8216;good&#8217; [Buddhist] guys were responsible for the evil deed? That&#8217;s precisely why he would come back to haunt them&#8230;  And they say guilt is not a Buddhist concept!</p>
<p>Anyway, with all the sex scandal, violence, intrigue, chase scene &amp; even revenge from beyond the grave, it ought to be a blog first, then a movie.  I would&#8217;ve picked Richard Burton to play the Vicar.  Could be I&#8217;m suffering flashbacks from &#8220;Murder in the Cathedral.&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="http://www.seiyaku.com/images/cross/becket01-large.jpg" rel="nofollow">http://www.seiyaku.com/images/cross/becket01-large.jpg</a></p>
<p>Back to my chores now.  Cheers!</p>
<p>Dan</p>
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		<title>By: earlytibet</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1295</link>
		<dc:creator>earlytibet</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2009 15:38:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1295</guid>
		<description>Thank you - I&#039;d never read the full account of Dpal gyi yon tan&#039;s assassination (I presume this is also from Mkhas pa&#039;i dga&#039; ston?). It&#039;s quite spectacularly horrific. </description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thank you &#8211; I&#8217;d never read the full account of Dpal gyi yon tan&#8217;s assassination (I presume this is also from Mkhas pa&#8217;i dga&#8217; ston?). It&#8217;s quite spectacularly horrific.</p>
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		<title>By: Brandon Dotson</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1294</link>
		<dc:creator>Brandon Dotson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2009 09:46:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1294</guid>
		<description>Yes, Bran ka is a fantastic figure. According to the Mkhas pa&#039;i dga&#039; ston, he and Minister Dbas Stag sna can (a nickname for Dba&#039;s Rgyal-to-re Stag-nya, the final chief minister named in chapter ii of the Old Tibetan Chronicle) were linked from early on as adversaries. When the minister led a coup to oust Ral pa can and install Langdarma, Bran ka fled to hide in an iron bunker in the north. He was sniffed out by a blind man, and Dbas and his cronies found Bran ka and killed him in spectacular fashion, flaying him and using the skin to make a sort of dummy. His relatives burn the remains, and from the smoke Bran ka emerges as a wrathful karma yaksha. Later, he was tamed by Atisha and made a dharma protector.

But before that happens, he ties in with your last post on the dark age, when Bran ka becomes the spiritual leader of the kheng log.

&quot;As for the ancestor, the architect (phywa-mkhan ) of the revolt, it was Bran-ka dPal-gyi Yon-tan who so acted. As neither men nor the earth could bear him as a lord, generally the paternal relatives—gods and demons—all acted and gathered at the oath cairn on Owl Plain. 
At that time Bran-ka dPal-gyi Yon-tan, riding a wolf of grey (sngon-po) iron and beating the ground with an iron staff, implored all of the gods and demons, ‘Kill all of the lords (rje-dpon) without exception. Otherwise, scatter them in the eight directions.’ At that time, Yar-lha Sham-po and the others appealed to dPal-gyi Yon-tan that there be a regional principality (rje-dpon-tshan) at the foot of each mountain. The council of paternal relatives—gods and demons—agreed to that. 
At the behest of the god gTsang-lha Bu-dar, Grom-pa and lHa-rtse were established as strongholds. Both the ’Bro and Cog-ro [clans] not rising [against each other] (ma phyar byas),  a regional principality was situated in the land of Upper gTsang.&quot;

kheng log byed pa’i phywa mkhan mes po ni / bran ka dpal gyi yon tan kho yis byas / / mi bas sas kyang rje ru ma theg nas / /spyir na lha ’dre pha tshan kun gyis byas / /mna’ tho ’ug pa thang du ’dun ma tshogs / / de tshe bran ka dpal gyi yon tan kho / /lcags kyi spyang ki sngon po zhon nas ni / / lcags kyi ber kas sa la brdung bzhin du / / lha ’dre kun la zhu ba ’di skad gsol / / rje dpon gcig yang ma lus bsad par zhu / / yang na so kha brgyad du gtor bar zhus / / de tshe yar lha sham po la sogs pas / / dpal gyi yon tan kho la zhu ba phul / / lha re’i rtsa ru rje dpon tshan re zhus / / lha ’dre pha tshan ’dun ma de la ’cham / / gtsang lha bu dar lha yis zhu ba byas / / grom pa lha rtse btsan pa’i mkhar la brten [bsten] / / ’bro dang cog ro gnyis kyis ma phyar byas / / gtsang stod yul du rje dpon tshan gcig chags /  (pp. 432–33/ Fols. 140a, b).

The passage goes on to name the other rje-dpon-tshan. You can find this in the Vitali article that you cited, and there are parallel passages in Lde&#039;u and elsewhere.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yes, Bran ka is a fantastic figure. According to the Mkhas pa&#8217;i dga&#8217; ston, he and Minister Dbas Stag sna can (a nickname for Dba&#8217;s Rgyal-to-re Stag-nya, the final chief minister named in chapter ii of the Old Tibetan Chronicle) were linked from early on as adversaries. When the minister led a coup to oust Ral pa can and install Langdarma, Bran ka fled to hide in an iron bunker in the north. He was sniffed out by a blind man, and Dbas and his cronies found Bran ka and killed him in spectacular fashion, flaying him and using the skin to make a sort of dummy. His relatives burn the remains, and from the smoke Bran ka emerges as a wrathful karma yaksha. Later, he was tamed by Atisha and made a dharma protector.</p>
<p>But before that happens, he ties in with your last post on the dark age, when Bran ka becomes the spiritual leader of the kheng log.</p>
<p>&#8220;As for the ancestor, the architect (phywa-mkhan ) of the revolt, it was Bran-ka dPal-gyi Yon-tan who so acted. As neither men nor the earth could bear him as a lord, generally the paternal relatives—gods and demons—all acted and gathered at the oath cairn on Owl Plain.<br />
At that time Bran-ka dPal-gyi Yon-tan, riding a wolf of grey (sngon-po) iron and beating the ground with an iron staff, implored all of the gods and demons, ‘Kill all of the lords (rje-dpon) without exception. Otherwise, scatter them in the eight directions.’ At that time, Yar-lha Sham-po and the others appealed to dPal-gyi Yon-tan that there be a regional principality (rje-dpon-tshan) at the foot of each mountain. The council of paternal relatives—gods and demons—agreed to that.<br />
At the behest of the god gTsang-lha Bu-dar, Grom-pa and lHa-rtse were established as strongholds. Both the ’Bro and Cog-ro [clans] not rising [against each other] (ma phyar byas),  a regional principality was situated in the land of Upper gTsang.&#8221;</p>
<p>kheng log byed pa’i phywa mkhan mes po ni / bran ka dpal gyi yon tan kho yis byas / / mi bas sas kyang rje ru ma theg nas / /spyir na lha ’dre pha tshan kun gyis byas / /mna’ tho ’ug pa thang du ’dun ma tshogs / / de tshe bran ka dpal gyi yon tan kho / /lcags kyi spyang ki sngon po zhon nas ni / / lcags kyi ber kas sa la brdung bzhin du / / lha ’dre kun la zhu ba ’di skad gsol / / rje dpon gcig yang ma lus bsad par zhu / / yang na so kha brgyad du gtor bar zhus / / de tshe yar lha sham po la sogs pas / / dpal gyi yon tan kho la zhu ba phul / / lha re’i rtsa ru rje dpon tshan re zhus / / lha ’dre pha tshan ’dun ma de la ’cham / / gtsang lha bu dar lha yis zhu ba byas / / grom pa lha rtse btsan pa’i mkhar la brten [bsten] / / ’bro dang cog ro gnyis kyis ma phyar byas / / gtsang stod yul du rje dpon tshan gcig chags /  (pp. 432–33/ Fols. 140a, b).</p>
<p>The passage goes on to name the other rje-dpon-tshan. You can find this in the Vitali article that you cited, and there are parallel passages in Lde&#8217;u and elsewhere.</p>
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		<title>By: earlytibet</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1291</link>
		<dc:creator>earlytibet</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2009 08:56:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1291</guid>
		<description>Just a footnote on Bran ka Dpal gyi yon tan. After he was assassinated he became a kind of demonic spirit who was thought to have fomented  unrest in the period of fragmentation. There was (is?) an image of this spirit near the Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang, which Hugh Richardson photographed: &lt;a href=&quot;http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/photo_2001.59.2.69.1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Click here to go to image at the Tibet Album site.&lt;/a&gt;

Richardson wrote:  &quot;Not far away, in a small stone building, is a strange figure about four feet tall with a large, grinning, black mask; it wears the dress of an oracle priest - a red brocade hat with eyes embroidered on it, and a robe of fine brocade with a mystic mirror ( me-long ) on its chest. The figures of two boys kneel beside the figure, and on its right side is a large drum. Underneath the robe is the stuffed skin of a human torso supported on a wooden trestle. All the figures are decorated in fresh white scarves which, together with the good condition of the robes, suggests regular devotion is paid. The tradition is that the figure, Dpa&#039;-bo Blon-chen, is the upper part of the body of the great monk minister Bran-ka Dpal-yon, who was murdered by Glang-dar ma; it was sawn in half and thrown into the Skyid-chu. Half was washed up at Snye-thang and was recovered by two boys; the other half was swept down to Rtse-thang, but its fate is unrecorded. The figure at Snye-thang is revered as a  yul-lha, a protective deity of the locality &quot;.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Just a footnote on Bran ka Dpal gyi yon tan. After he was assassinated he became a kind of demonic spirit who was thought to have fomented  unrest in the period of fragmentation. There was (is?) an image of this spirit near the Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang, which Hugh Richardson photographed: <a href="http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/photo_2001.59.2.69.1.html" rel="nofollow">Click here to go to image at the Tibet Album site.</a></p>
<p>Richardson wrote:  &#8220;Not far away, in a small stone building, is a strange figure about four feet tall with a large, grinning, black mask; it wears the dress of an oracle priest &#8211; a red brocade hat with eyes embroidered on it, and a robe of fine brocade with a mystic mirror ( me-long ) on its chest. The figures of two boys kneel beside the figure, and on its right side is a large drum. Underneath the robe is the stuffed skin of a human torso supported on a wooden trestle. All the figures are decorated in fresh white scarves which, together with the good condition of the robes, suggests regular devotion is paid. The tradition is that the figure, Dpa&#8217;-bo Blon-chen, is the upper part of the body of the great monk minister Bran-ka Dpal-yon, who was murdered by Glang-dar ma; it was sawn in half and thrown into the Skyid-chu. Half was washed up at Snye-thang and was recovered by two boys; the other half was swept down to Rtse-thang, but its fate is unrecorded. The figure at Snye-thang is revered as a  yul-lha, a protective deity of the locality &#8220;.</p>
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		<title>By: earlytibet</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1290</link>
		<dc:creator>earlytibet</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2009 08:53:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1290</guid>
		<description>Thanks Brandon, for some very interesting points. The existence of royal Buddhist festivals is a fascinating thought, considering, as you say, the role of the Smon lam chen mo in integrating political and religious authority later on.

I agree that we can&#039;t ignore the traditional suggestions that support for Buddhist institutions under Ral pa can was too much for some of the nobility. Kazushi Iwao&#039;s recent research on the massive production of Perfection of Wisdom sutras at Dunhuang shows that this was funded by local taxation and tribute revenue. It seems to me that this must have severely strained the resources (and patience?) of the local leaders, and those under them.

Something I was also going to say in the post but deleted &quot;for fear of an excess of words&quot; as Tibetan writers like to say: the Buddhist activities under the reign of Ral pa can are probably better attributed to his Buddhist advisors, particularly Bran ka Dpal gyi yon tan, who was one of the first to feel the wrath of the aristocracy. You know this, of course.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks Brandon, for some very interesting points. The existence of royal Buddhist festivals is a fascinating thought, considering, as you say, the role of the Smon lam chen mo in integrating political and religious authority later on.</p>
<p>I agree that we can&#8217;t ignore the traditional suggestions that support for Buddhist institutions under Ral pa can was too much for some of the nobility. Kazushi Iwao&#8217;s recent research on the massive production of Perfection of Wisdom sutras at Dunhuang shows that this was funded by local taxation and tribute revenue. It seems to me that this must have severely strained the resources (and patience?) of the local leaders, and those under them.</p>
<p>Something I was also going to say in the post but deleted &#8220;for fear of an excess of words&#8221; as Tibetan writers like to say: the Buddhist activities under the reign of Ral pa can are probably better attributed to his Buddhist advisors, particularly Bran ka Dpal gyi yon tan, who was one of the first to feel the wrath of the aristocracy. You know this, of course.</p>
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		<title>By: Brandon Dotson</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1285</link>
		<dc:creator>Brandon Dotson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 16:30:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1285</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m not sure that land-owning families were footing the bill. Their lands were called khol yul, and were more or less inalienable. In the Dba&#039; bzhed (Wangdu and Diemberger, 75-76) and in the Mkhas pa&#039;i dga&#039; ston it states that when deciding on how to support monks and Buddhist monasteries, it was decided that they would be supported from the royal lands, that is, the rje zhing. These rje zhing would have been worked by subjects who held usufruct rights over the land, so I&#039;m not sure that their status would have really changed too greatly in practical terms when the fields, along with the peasants who worked them, were gifted for the support of the monasteries.

And the aristrocracy soon caught on, making their own Buddhist temples, as we see in the Lcang bu inscription.

Still, there is the overwhelming weight of the traditional narrative according to which Ral pa can went too far and the monks were resented as a drain on resources during what was clearly a global economic decline.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m not sure that land-owning families were footing the bill. Their lands were called khol yul, and were more or less inalienable. In the Dba&#8217; bzhed (Wangdu and Diemberger, 75-76) and in the Mkhas pa&#8217;i dga&#8217; ston it states that when deciding on how to support monks and Buddhist monasteries, it was decided that they would be supported from the royal lands, that is, the rje zhing. These rje zhing would have been worked by subjects who held usufruct rights over the land, so I&#8217;m not sure that their status would have really changed too greatly in practical terms when the fields, along with the peasants who worked them, were gifted for the support of the monasteries.</p>
<p>And the aristrocracy soon caught on, making their own Buddhist temples, as we see in the Lcang bu inscription.</p>
<p>Still, there is the overwhelming weight of the traditional narrative according to which Ral pa can went too far and the monks were resented as a drain on resources during what was clearly a global economic decline.</p>
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		<title>By: Dan</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1284</link>
		<dc:creator>Dan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 16:06:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1284</guid>
		<description>I suppose one reason some of us students with historicistic  tendencies tend to see Buddhism as an &#039;imposition&#039; on the Tibetan people (the royal subjects) is just that idea that people (land-owning families, I suppose?) in early 9th century were being made to pay a kind of involuntary &#039;tax&#039; for the support of the monks.  Any more thoughts?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I suppose one reason some of us students with historicistic  tendencies tend to see Buddhism as an &#8216;imposition&#8217; on the Tibetan people (the royal subjects) is just that idea that people (land-owning families, I suppose?) in early 9th century were being made to pay a kind of involuntary &#8216;tax&#8217; for the support of the monks.  Any more thoughts?</p>
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		<title>By: Brandon Dotson</title>
		<link>http://earlytibet.com/2009/07/01/buddhism-and-empire-iv-converting-tibet/#comment-1282</link>
		<dc:creator>Brandon Dotson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 12:17:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://earlytibet.com/?p=532#comment-1282</guid>
		<description>oh, and I forgot to mention divination texts as another important source for Buddhism making its way into popular religion. In some cases the prognoses come from the mouth of a bodhisattva or another Buddhist figure...</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>oh, and I forgot to mention divination texts as another important source for Buddhism making its way into popular religion. In some cases the prognoses come from the mouth of a bodhisattva or another Buddhist figure&#8230;</p>
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